Passive-Aggressive Personality Disorder and its relation to Cognitive Biases and Emotion Regulation Difficulties among University students "A psychometric – clinical study"

     The research aimed at identifying the relationship between Passive-Aggressive Personality Disorder and each of Cognitive Biases and Emotion Regulation Difficulties among university students, and the contribution of the variables of Cognitive Biases, and Emotion Regulation Difficulties in predicting Passive-Aggressive Personality Disorder and its dimensions. It also showed the differences of personality dynamics and psychological structure of the four highest and lowest terminal cases of Passive-Aggressive Personality Disorder from the perspective of clinical study. and also Identify the Dynamic Factors and Reasons standing for that disorder. The research relied on Descriptive and Clinical Approaches. The sample of the study consisted of (303) students from Minia University, ranging from (19-23) years old, with an average (21.003) years, and a standard deviation (1.217), while the sample of the clinical study consisted of four extreme cases, two cases (male and female) were high in Passive-Aggressive Personality Disorder, and two others( male and female) were low in the same disorder. The tools of the study included the Passive-Aggressive Personality Disorder scale  (prepared by the researcher),  The Cognitive Biases scale prepared by(Van der Gaag et al., 2013), and  The Emotion Regulation Difficulties scale prepared by (Gratz & Roemer, 2004) ( Both are rationing and Arabizing the researcher). In addition to the Clinical tools, which included the interview form prepared by (Mukhaimer, 1978),  a free interview and some cards of T.A.T test prepared by (Murray& Morgan, 1935). The study resulted in: there is a positive and significant correlation between Passive-Aggressive Personality Disorder and both Cognitive Biases, and Emotion Regulation Difficulties. Also, Passive-Aggressive Personality Disorder can be predicted among individuals in the sample by identifying their scores in Cognitive Biases and Emotion Regulation Difficulties. Besides, Cognitive Biases were the strongest variable and explained about (77.4 %) of the variation in Passive-Aggressive Personality Disorder. The clinical results coincided with the psychometric results, but the clinical results explained the causal relationship between the phenomena revealed by the psychometric study. The clinical study lead to discovering the Individual Characteristics and understanding the cases of the highest and lowest Passive-Aggressive Personality Disorder, and showed significant differences between them in psychological structure and personality dynamics. In the light of these findings, a number of recommendations and researchs have been suggested.